国际学生入学条件
You will be asked to enter typical application information such as nationality, GPA, schools attended, etc.
You will be required to upload an accurate unofficial transcript for each school you have attended. Please do not send official copies to the CAM office. Please note that there are only up to three fields for listing schools attended. If you attended more than three, you must upload those transcripts in the writing sample portion of the application.
If you have appropriate supplemental documents such as an undergraduate research paper, awards, etc., upload them in the writing sample portion of the application.
A statement of purpose is required and can be uploaded directly into the application.
At least three letters of recommendation are required. Additional letters are allowed. Recommenders may submit their letters online. Once an application is submitted, recommenders receive an automated email soliciting their letter (you will be prompted to provide their contact information before you submit your application).
Submitting GRE scores is optional. The GRE subject test in mathematics is also not required, but it is particularly useful for applicants for whom math is a secondary field at the time of application. (The University code is 2098, if submitting scores.)
Official TOEFL scores are required from international applicants. The Graduate School's policy is that there are minimum scores for each section (a cumulative score is not an accurate measure of English proficiency and is not sufficient for an offer of admission):
Writing – 20, Listening – 15, Reading – 20, Speaking – 22
The TOEFL is not required of applicants who have studied full-time for two or more years at a college or university where English is the language of instruction and the college or university is located in a country where English the primary language. Applicants from countries where English is the primary language are also exempt. However, it is very important you check with the CAM program office or the Graduate School to determine if your country applies. For example, applicants from Anglophone Canada and New Zealand are exempt. Applicants from Nigeria, Singapore and the Quebec province of Canada are not exempt. The University code for reporting is 2098.
IELTS: The Graduate School requires an overall band score of a 7.0 or higher on the IELTS. Please email gradadmissions@cornell.edu for information about how to send your scores.
The Graduate School requires an application fee of $105. A fee waiver request will be considered if this fee presents a financial hardship. See Application Fees for instructions on how to submit a waiver request.
Applicants who are non-US citizens may be contacted via email 1-3 weeks after the application submission deadline to participate in a brief, conversational English video interview (no specialized knowledge necessary). Though not all non-US-citizen applicants will be required to participate in this interview, definite exceptions include citizens of Australia, Canada (except Quebec), Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
Cornell University expects all applicants to complete their application materials without the use of paid agents, credentials services, or other paid professional assistance. The use of such services violates University policy and may lead to the rejection of application materials, the revocation of an admissions offer, cancellation of admission, or involuntary withdrawal from the University.
University minimums for the iBT version of the TOEFL are: Writing, 20, Listening, 15, Reading, 20, Speaking, 22. You must receive the minimum score on each subsection.
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课程简介
Complexity refers to the study of the efficiency of computer algorithms. In this a problem is specified, with the ultimate goals being to determine the greatest efficiency possible for algorithms designed to solve instances of the problem, and to design an algorithm possessing the optimal efficiency.<br><br>For example, consider the problem of multiplying two square real matrices. Here, an instance of the problem consists of two specific matrices. Applying the procedure everyone learns in linear algebra for multiplying matrices, one has an algorithm which multiplies two n-by-n matrices using n3 scalar multiplications, along with slightly fewer scalar additions, for a total number of arithmetic operations proportional to n3. However, this is not optimal for the problem, as algorithms have been devised for which the total number of arithmetic operations is at most proportional to np where p 2.376. Regarding lower bounds, all that is known is that no algorithm for multiplying two square matrices can do so using fewer than n2 arithmetic operations in general. We thus say that the computational complexity of matrix multiplication lies somewhere between n2 and np for p 2.376.<br><br>A full formalization of complexity requires there be an underlying mathematical model of a computer, so that definitions and proofs can possess complete rigor. There are various mathematical models of computers used in complexity, the most prevalent being the Turing machine, but also important is the real number machine, which is the model that best fits the spirit of the example above. Complexity that is fully formalized is known as complexity theory.<br><br>Complexity is widely done in science and engineering, even if not complexity theory. Indeed, it is standard when presenting a new algorithm - even algorithms aimed squarely at applications - to argue superiority of the algorithm by bounding its running time as a function of key problem parameters (e.g., np for p 2.376), and showing the bound beats the bounds previously established for competitor algorithms. Referring to an algorithm's complexity has thusly become commonplace.
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