The field of management encompasses all of the processes, skills and techniques necessary to accomplish organizational goals with and through other people. These include such primary functions as planning, organizing, leading, staffing and controlling. Managers are responsible for carrying out these functions effectively and efficiently while balancing the needs of all their constituencies, including customers, employees, owners and other organizational stakeholders. For these reasons, the role and responsibilities of managers are often complex and challenging, requiring a broad understanding of the organization's internal and external environment. All organizations, whether private or public, manufacturing or service, for-profit or social sector, are increasingly in need of effective managers and leaders at all levels. With the rise of professionalism and the decline of traditional hierarchical structures, the responsibilities for management and leadership are increasingly being shared by all organizational members. This need will only increase with the advances in technology that are progressively eliminating routine work and requiring each individual to add value to the organization of which they are a part and to society as a whole.