The Doctor of Philosophy degree is awarded for completion of scholarly research satisfactorily defended in a dissertation or for outstanding creative work. It is assumed that recipients of this degree are not only well-versed in the subject matter and techniques of a specific discipline, but also have demonstrated a breadth of interest and originality of outlook that indicate real promise of success in research or composition, as well as mastery of the teaching of their disciplines A combined MA/PhD program is offered in the Composition, Theory and the Musicology departments.<br>Doctor of Philosophy students majoring in music education will have earned a master's degree before being admitted to the PhD program. Doctor of Philosophy students majoring in Composition, Musicology or Theory may be admitted having earned only a bachelor's degree and in that case will earn the master's degree en passant. Composition and Music Education majors are offered either the within the DMA or PhD degree option. Research and writing is emphasized in the PhD degree program, and performance in the DMA degree program. The DMA requires an audition on an applied instrument or voice while the PhD does not.Musicology at Eastman is intensely interdisciplinary and intimately informed by the rich musical environment of the school. The department offers a PhD degree, with an emphasis in historical and critical studies or ethnomusicology, and an MA degree in musicology or ethnomusicology. With eight full-time faculty plus affiliated faculty at the University of Rochester, the Musicology Department features expertise in subjects ranging from opera, jazz, and Renaissance sacred music to gender studies, ecomusicology, and intersections between music and politics. Recent seminars have focused on early opera, Romanticism and improvisation, sound and media studies, Black vocal music, Hildegard von Bingen, post-humanist aesthetics, and South Asian music.