The Doctor of Philosophy in pharmacy with a subprogram in clinical pharmaceutical sciences requires 72 s.h. of credit, including 22 s.h. of didactic coursework that consists of required courses and electives. The remaining 50 s.h. consist of research credits, seminars, and additional coursework. Students must maintain a cumulative g.p.a. of at least 3.00. The College of Pharmacy offers a Doctor of Philosophy degree in pharmacy with subprograms in four areas: clinical pharmaceutical sciences, health services research, medicinal and natural products chemistry, and pharmaceutics. The clinical pharmaceutical sciences subprogram is designed for students interested in clinical research. The goal is to advance the science of human pharmacology and therapeutics and to improve the safe, effective, and economical use of medications by patients. The subprogram emphasizes the integration of clinical and basic research. It involves advanced studies of clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, and the requirements for regulatory approval of new drugs. The health services research subprogram provides an innovative approach to studying the challenges facing the health care system and provides evidence to support policy-based solutions. It combines ideas across several distinct scientific paradigms (sociology, economics, psychology, business, and anthropology) to better understand the factors leading to decisions in health care and the consequences of these decisions. Students gain broad knowledge of health and pharmaceutical care, informed by theories from economics and social psychology. The subprogram teaches intellectual and practical skills to investigate research questions dealing with current issues.