社会学哲学博士-全球结构

世界的安排方式没有任何正常或不可避免的事情。我们所知道的地球是一个历史产物：它的当前结构过去不存在-它们随着时间的推移而出现-最终将被其他结构所取代。世界不是竞争和/或合作的民族国家的自然组合。这也不是一个公平的竞争环境，在这个竞争环境中，个人（目前，我们的人口超过70亿）通过一场勇敢而公平的游戏争夺资源，权力和认可，从而取得了最大的胜利，而没有应得的损失。相反，世界是一组越来越紧密地相互联系的层次结构。它形成了一个历史系统，产生了自己的种族和性别不平等，经济不公，权力差异，新的文化，宗教和美学表现形式，
There is nothing normal or inevitable about the way in which the world is arranged. The globe as we know it is a historical product: Its current structures used not to exist - they have emerged over time - and they will eventually give way to other structures. The world is not a natural composite of competing and/or cooperating nation-states. Nor is it an even playing field, in which individuals (currently just over seven billion of us humans) compete for resources, power and recognition through a gallant and fair game so that the best win and the undeserving lose. The world is, instead, an ever more tightly interconnected set of hierarchies. It forms a historical system that produces its own racialized and gendered inequalities, economic injustices, power differentials, new cultural, religious and aesthetic forms of expression, conflicts, resistance and change. The recognition that a powerful global process is driving the gentrification of poor neighborhoods, shaping the financial crisis in Europe, or farmers? suicide in India, mass displacement of indigenous communities, or transnational uprisings opened tremendous possibilities for sociological investigation.